Crusades1 essays

Crusades1 essays In the Middle Ages, Christians considered Palestine the Holy Land because it was where Jesus had lived and taught. The Arabs had conquered Palestine in the 600s. Most Arabs were Muslims, but they usually tolerated other religions. Jews and Christians who paid their taxes and observed other regulations were free to live in Palestine and practice their own religion. The Arab rulers didnt usually interfere with Christian pilgrims visiting Palestine, and European traders could generally do business there. During the 1000s the Seljuk Turks, people from central Asia who had adopted the Muslim faith, conquered Palestine and attacked Asia Minor, which was part of the Byzantine Empire. When the Turks threatened the capital city of Constantinople, the Byzantine emperor appealed to the pope in Rome. Because Christian pilgrims going to Palestine came home with reports of persecution from the Turks, the Byzantine emperors appeal for help found a reception in Europe. Pope Urban I wanted to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims. He called a great meeting of church leaders and French nobles at Clermont France in 1095. At the meeting he encouraged the powerful feudal nobles to stop fighting with each other, and to join in one big war against the unbelievers. Urbans request made his listeners very enthusiastic and they joined in one big cry, God wills it! From Clermont people traveled through France preaching the cause. The people who joined the expeditions sewed a cloth cross on their clothes. They were called crusaders, from the Latin word cruciata, which means, marked with a cross. People joined the Crusades, the expeditions to regain the Holy Land, for many different reasons. Most knights joined the crusades for the land and plunder in the rich Middle East. Merchants saw a chance to make money. The pope promised both heavenly and earthly rewards. Those who died on a Cr...

Leopard Seal Facts

Leopard Seal Facts If you get the opportunity to take an Antarctic cruise, you may be lucky enough to see a leopard seal in its natural habitat. The leopard seal  (Hydrurga leptonyx) is an earless seal with  leopard-spotted fur. Like its feline namesake, the seal is a powerful predator high on the food chain. The only animal that hunts leopard seals is the killer whale. Fast Facts: Leopard Seal Scientific Name: Hydrurga leptonyxCommon Names: Leopard seal, sea leopardBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 10-12 feetWeight: 800-1000 poundsLifespan: 12-15 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Sea around AntarcticaPopulation: 200,000Conservation Status: Least Concern Description You might think the obvious identifying feature of the leopard seal is its black-spotted coat. However, many seals have spots. What sets the leopard seal apart is its elongated head and sinuous body, somewhat resembling a furry eel. The leopard seal is earless, about 10 to 12 feet long (females slightly larger than males), weighs between 800 and 1000 pounds, and always seems to be smiling because the edges of its mouth curl upward. The leopard seal is large, but smaller than the elephant seal and walrus. The mouth of the leopard seal turns upward at the edges, resembling a smile. Peter Johnson/Corbis/VCG / Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Leopard seals live in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters of the Ross Sea, Antarctic Peninsula, Weddell Sea, South Georgia, and Falkland Islands. Sometimes they are found along the southern coasts of Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.  The leopard seals habitat overlaps that of other seals. Diet Leopard seals eat penguins.  © Tim Davis/Corbis/VCG / Getty Images The leopard seal will eat just about any other animals. Like other carnivorous mammals, the seal has sharp front teeth and fearsome-looking inch-long canines. However, the seals molars lock together to make a sieve that allows it to filter krill from the water. Seal pups primarily eat krill, but once they learn to hunt, they eat penguins, squid, shellfish, fish, and smaller seals. They are the only seals that regularly hunt warm-blooded prey.  Leopard seals often wait underwater and propel themselves out of the water to snatch their victim. Scientists can analyze a seals diet by examining its whiskers. Behavior Leopard seals are known to play cat and mouse with prey, typically with young seals or penguins. They will chase their prey until it either escapes or dies, but wont necessarily eat their kill. Scientists are uncertain of the reason for this behavior, but believe it may help hone hunting skills or might simply be for sport. Leopard seal males hang under the ice when they sing. Michael Nolan / Getty Images During the austral summer, male leopard seals sing (loudly) underwater for hours each day. A singing seal hangs upside down, with a bent neck and pulsating inflated chests, rocking from side to side. Each male has a distinct call, although the calls change depending on the seals age. Singing coincides with the breeding season. Captive females have been known to sing when reproductive hormone levels are elevated. Reproduction and Offspring While some kinds of seals live in groups, the leopard seal is solitary. Exceptions include mother and pup pairs and temporary mating pairs. Seals mate in summer and give birth after 11 months gestation to a single pup. At birth, the pup weighs around 66 pounds. The pup is weaned on the ice for about a month. Females become mature between ages three and seven. Males mature a bit later, typically between ages six and seven. Leopard seals live a long time for a seal, partly because they have few predators. While the average lifespan is 12 to 15 years, its  not uncommon for a wild leopard seal to live 26 years. Conservation Status According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), scientists once believed there may be over 200,000 leopard seals. Environmental changes have dramatically affected species the seals eat, so this number is likely inaccurate. The leopard seal is not endangered. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists it as a species of least concern. Leopard Seals and Humans Leopard seals are highly dangerous predators. While attacks of humans are rare, cases of aggression, stalking, and fatalities have been documented. Leopard seals are known to attack the black pontoons of inflatable boats, posing an indirect risk to people. However, not all encounters with humans are predatory. When National Geographic photographer Paul Nicklen dove into Antarctic waters to observe a leopard seal, the female seal he photographed brought him injured and dead penguins. Whether the seal was trying to feed the photographer, teach him to hunt, or had other motives is unknown. Sources Rogers, T. L.; Cato, D. H.; Bryden, M. M. Behavioral significance of underwater vocalizations of captive leopard seals, Hydrurga leptonyx.  Marine Mammal Science.  12  (3): 414–42, 1996.Rogers, T.L. Source levels of the underwater calls of a male leopard seal.  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.  136  (4): 1495–1498, 2014.Wilson, Don E. and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. Species: Hydrurga leptonyx. Mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.

The Scope of Policy, Issues and Contexts in AVE Essay

The Scope of Policy, Issues and Contexts in AVE - Essay Example We asked person who is responsible for project to find those information through community leaders and educate us. b. The major issues are Learning disability syndrome in the so called top management of an organization, because of its narrow vision and its adverse impact on other employees of the organization and CALD communities of an organization. c. The other major issues are how to handle depression among workers in an organization and to understand the learning abilities of exceptionally gifted people and translate that to a process for others in an organization. Training within Australia over the past 50-60 years has undergone some major alterations and changes to epistemological assumptions and educational paradigms. Prior to WWII a behaviouristic approach was taken to education (Eggan & Kauchak, 2001), whereby learners were perceived to be akin to sponges able to absorb information from a holder of knowledge or teacher. During and following WWII a more constructivist, cognitive and social constructivist educational approach (Eggan & Kauchak, 2001; Engestrm, 1994; P. Smith & Blake, 2006; P. Smith & Ragan, 2005) was adopted to provide learning in a more supportive environment. This new approach took into account the different learning styles of learners, acknowledged that learners bring different experiences and knowledge to training sessions, identified that learning can take place in a variety of situations and contexts, and that learning within social settings with real-life interactions and examples is more beneficial to learning than rote learning alone. This change in paradigms is no more evident than in the saying from Hoover (1996) that states "Constructivist teachers do not take the role of the "sage on the stage". Rather, teachers acts as "guides on the side" who provide students with opportunities to test the adequacy of their current understandings." Since the early 1990's there has also been significant emphasis on lifelong learning or education (Burns, 2002). Burns also states that the training emphasis has gone from educating young people for entry into the workforce to providing training and education continuously throughout a person's life as rapid changes in technology and the globalisation of economies forces people to change occupations several times during their working lives. Current issues that face governments (locally and internationally) and vocational and further education establishments are: - Skills shortages in some industries (Richardson, 2007) - The size and age of the workforce (Australia. Department of Education Science and Training, 2005; Burns, 2002) - The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) - Technological innovation and change (E. Smith &

Advantages of using a team to develop and complete a presentation Essay

Advantages of using a team to develop and complete a presentation - Essay Example Collaborations utilizing the talents and wisdom of knowledgeable persons provide the presentation with a higher level of credibility and in-depth informative aspects far beyond what a single perspective and solitary voice could offer to the audience. It is commonplace in today’s high-tech society for presentations to be produced and delivered by means of a group effort rather than by an individual. It has been found to be much more effectual for numerous associates to speak instead of just a single person speaking for the entire organization or group. A presentation is broken up into several sections with each requiring a specialized knowledge base which is more effectively addressed by an expert in that particular area. One person can hardly be considered the most knowledgeable within an organization regarding every aspect of a complex subject or project. In addition, the audience retains more interest for a longer period of time if the presentation is broken up with differing speakers. When team members speak only on what they know best, this not only allows for a more informative presentation but does not put the burden on one person to speak about unfamiliar aspects of the subject. Each member is confident with their part and thus at ease with the material unlike a single person attempting to cover everything, a confidence which is openly conveyed to the audience. Group presentations also serve to present a cross-section of the organization’s employees instead of viewing just one representative, a major selling point to the intended audience (Friedmann, 2003). Team presentation offers a heightened level of attention for the audience as they are presented with a variety of speakers. When practiced well, the presentation flows more smoothly and coherently with a group effort because, for example, one person might be given the task of operating visual and or audio aids while another focuses on speaking to the audience.

African American Immigration Essay Example for Free

African American Immigration Essay There has always been a lot of discussion about the perception of African Americans in the media and how it affects their self-identity. It is easy to find examples of bias in portraying African Americans in the media. So what exactly is it that the media does to bring out these stereotypes, biases, and images that tend to stick with a lot of African Americans? The goal of this paper is to explore the different perceptions African Americans have gone through, how it has given them a sense of double consciousness on life, where the media image of African Americans that has stuck with them for so long can, and will go from here. According to the United States Census Bureau (2001), 12. 3% of all people reporting as one race reported they were â€Å"Black or African American†. This ethnic identity is now the second biggest minority group in the United States. It also refers to a group of people that has been in the United States for as long as it has existed. However, through the persecution of slavery, the austerity of segregation, and the continuing underlying prejudice, African Americans are still searching for their true identity. Just as children that were adopted tend to long for a true identity most of their lives, so are the circumstances of the African American. Stolen from their homeland and forced into slavery in a new country, African Americans were basically victims of identity theft. Although a lot of progress has been made in the way of an American identity for African Americans, a true identity has not yet been found. According to W. E. B DuBois (1903) â€Å"The history of the American Negro is the history of this strife—this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self† (p.68). Many African Americans feel the same as W. E. B. Du Bois when he says, â€Å"After the Egyptian and Indian, the Greek and Roman, the Teuton and Mongolian, the Negro is a sort of seventh son, born with a veil, and gifted with second-sight in this American world – a world which yields him no true self-consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other world. † He also states, â€Å"One ever feels his twoness – an American, a Negro, two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled arrives; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder. † A quick look at American history makes it easy to understand where this split identity stems from because Du Bois claims that African Americans were always forced to see things through â€Å"white† eyes only and not have a vision of their own. In an effort to rephrase Du Bois’ comment above, the terminology of â€Å"twoness† is really him trying to define double consciousness as a few different things: 1 the power that white stereotypes have on African American’s lives and also having that internal conflict between labeling themselves as African and American simultaneously. 2 it is a sense of awareness of one’s self along with the awareness of how others may perceive one. This in turn leads to conforming based on level of power, which is basically what occurred. PBS’ African American World Timeline (2004) says that there is a large history of not granting African Americans an identity. Before 1787, of course, African Americans were slaves and only thought of as property. In 1787 the U. S. Constitution was approved. It allowed for the continuation of the slave trade for another 20 years and claimed that a slave counted as three-fifths of a man for representation by the government. In 1865 some progress was gained when the Thirteenth Amendment was passed, outlawing slavery and creating a Freedmen’s Bureau to help out former slaves. Also in 1865 Union General, William Sherman issued a field order setting up 40-acre plots of land in Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida for African Americans to settle. But, in 1866, some all-white legislatures in the former Confederate states passed what were known as, â€Å"Black Codes† harshly cutting the freedom of African Americans and practically re-enslaving them. Since that time there has been some progression and also some difficulty for African Americans. Based on the history of the United States’ treatment of African Americans, it is easy to understand how they could struggle for their true identity. James Jones (1991) might say it best when he states, â€Å"Black personality is in part an adaptation to the political contours of racism. The conflict between the freedoms and rights of United States citizens is connected to the denial of freedom and rights that is the history of the African American presence in this country. If we view personality as the resultant of coping pattern and socialization directives, then black personality is, in part, the cumulative representation of the effects of racism over four centuries. It reflects over time, the effects of the form and structure racism takes, and comes to signal the nature of race relations at any point in time (p. 305). † This would lead to accepting of the fact that African Americans do, of course, have an identity, but a lot of the time it is dependent on the identity of White race at that time. Alain Locke (1925) explains the upward moving and upbeat side of African American identity: â€Å"In the last decade something beyond the watch and guard of statistics has happened in the life of the American Negro and the three norms who have traditionally presided over the Negro problem have a changeling in their laps. The Sociologist, The Philanthropist, the Race-leader are not unaware of the New Negro but they are at a loss to account for him. He simply cannot be swathed in their formulae. For the younger generation is vibrant with a new psychology; the new spirit is awake in the masses, and under the very eyes of the professional observers is transforming what has been a perennial problem into the progressive phases of contemporary Negro life. Could such a metamorphosis have taken place as suddenly as it has appeared to? The answer is no, not because the New Negro is not here, but because the Old Negro had long become more of a myth than a man. The Old Negro, we must remember, was a creature of moral debate and historical controversy. His has been a stock figure perpetuated as a historical fiction partly in innocent sentimentalism, partly in deliberate reactions. The Negro himself has contributed his share to this through a sort of protective social mimicry forced upon him by the adverse circumstances of dependence. So for generations in the mind of America, the Negro has been more of a formula than a human being a something to be argued about, condemned or defended, to be kept down, or in his place, or helped up, to be worried with or worried over, harassed or patronized, a social bogey or a social burden. The thinking Negro even has been induced to share this same general attitude, to focus his attention on controversial issues, to see himself, in the distorted perspective of a social problem. His shadow, so to speak, has been more real to him than his personality. Through having had to appeal from the unjust stereotypes of his oppressors and Traducers to those of his liberators, friends and benefactors he has subscribed to the traditional positions from which his case has been viewed. Little true social or self-understanding has or could come from such a situation†¦ †¦Until recently, lacking self-understanding, we have been almost as much of a problem to ourselves as we still are to others. But the decade that found us with a problem has left us with only a task. The multitude perhaps feels as yet only a strange relief and a new vague urge, but the thinking few know that in the reaction the vital inner grip of prejudice has been broken. It does not follow that if the Negro were better known he would be better liked or better treated. But mutual understanding is basic for any subsequent cooperation and adjustment. The effort toward this will at least have the effect of remedying in large part what has been the most unsatisfactory feature of our present stage of race relationships in America, namely the fact that the more intelligent and representative elements of the two race groups have at so many points got quite out of vital touch with one another (p. 631). † Even in the premier times of African American identity there were still questions to be answered. Now those questions lead to progressive thinking like Locke’s, â€Å"middle of the road† thinking and â€Å"extremist† thinking. An example of the term â€Å"middle-of-the-road† thinking can be seen in a post by Malcolm Frierson (2004) to a discussion board using the topic of what label to give African Americans. He says: â€Å"It is the right of the individual to be self-defining. Black is a color, not a term for a race of people in this millennium. The word was made beautiful and strong in the 60s and beyond for obvious reasons. That effort was admirable and effective, but now fairly done. It is time to move forward. † The term African American linguistically puts the race on more comfortable ground. It doesn’t seem right or fair to look at four men and call one Italian, one Native American, one Chinese, and the other black. â€Å"Whites† dont seem to have this concern obviously because they sit at the top of this name issue. The whole system was constructed to glorify the â€Å"whites† (the imperialists) and belittle the â€Å"blacks (the subjects). † Also, many whites and blacks together, beg for an end to this issue because they claim, were all Americans. But if we are actually honest with each other, nobody while in contemporary American society, when asked for their race or ethnicity, will never be able to simply label them self as simply â€Å"American. † There will always have to be a distinguishing label put upon everyone. Why is it that blacks have to go through this labeling issue more than any other American subgroup? Asian Americans, Italian Americans, and Filipino Americans often become Asians, Italians, and simply Filipino without ridicule or persecution (Asians further become Chinese, Japanese, Taiwanese, and others). A possible answer to this would be that we all identify with our most dominant ancestral line or native country – German, Spanish, Portuguese, Jamaican, what have you. It should come before the understood American part. But again, we should respect an individuals rights to be self-defining. One black problem could be that a lot of people really havent been to Africa and are in a sense kind of ashamed about or tend to disregard that fact possibly feeling a sense of ignorance in that area. The term African should be proudly used along with the term American just as other foreign groups use their places of origin along with their American status. Unfortunately this viewpoint is just a common middle-ground between the two poles. The other pole is a belief best supported by the All African People’s Revolutionary Party. They say, â€Å"African People born and living in over 113 countries around the world are [one group of] people, with one identity, one history, one culture, one nation and one destiny. We have one common enemy. We suffer from disunity, disorganization and ideological confusion. And we have only one scientific and correct solution, Pan-Africanism: the total liberation and unification of Africa under scientific socialism. They feel that African people that have been born or are living outside of Africa are intentionally kept from the knowledge of Africa and her achievements through European capitalism. They also feel that people inside of Africa are tricked into living in separate countries because of the â€Å"divide and rule† tactic used by Europeans which basically means it forces large concentrations of power (people) into smaller units of power to constrain them from gaining more power as the larger unit. It is this pole that receives the most voice in the media and also probably this pole which leads to the bias media outlets against African Americans. Perhaps the earliest example of media bias against African Americans, whether intentional or not, came from 19th Century naturalists that divided mankind into Caucasians, Mongolians, Malayans, Ethiopians and (native) American races. The Caucasians were defined as wise, the Mongolians crafty, and the Ethiopians/negro unintelligent. This bias is blunt and disrespectful, but possibly not hateful in intent back in the day. Today our media comes from less than ten gigantic media conglomerates in the United States. Salim Muwakkil (1999) mentions that, â€Å"Virtually all of our information, our cultural narratives, and our global images derive from institutions whose major goal is to pay handsome dividends to stockholders (p. 2). † Which in other words the media doesn’t really care what they say even if it sounds hateful. If it sells and gets publicity, it’s a hit. He also points out that black-owned media operations are becoming increasingly rare as much larger corporations continue to buy out more places and more property. Muwakkil’s fear is that the mainstream will continue to alter the image of African Americans without challenge to the point that their â€Å"anti-black† tendencies will be encouraged and sustained. Muwakkil makes a very strong point when he states the Kerner Commission’s findings: â€Å"The Kerner Commission (formally known as the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders), which was charged with finding the reasons for the long-hot-summer rebellions, had concluded that the United States was headed dangerously toward ‘two societies, one black, and one white, separate and unequal. ’ It blamed the urban unrest on persistent racial discrimination and a historical legacy of disadvantage, but it also singled out the nations news media for censure. The media treated African Americans as invisible, the commission concluded, and failed to communicate to white audiences a feeling for the difficulties and frustrations of being a Negro in the United States (p. 1). † In the book, The Black Image in the White Mind: Media and Race in America, Robert Entman and Andrew Rojecki (2000) point out some surprising statistics from studies done on American television. While Black actors are now more frequently appearing in films, its a debatable question as to how well theyre being represented. In the top movies of 1996 representation of African American Females and Caucasian females was drastically different where statistics from differences in using profanity, to physical violence were very often a difference of 70% or more between the 2 races with African Americans being in the higher percentage of the two for those certain areas. Television ads now show, hidden patterns of differentiation and distance pertaining to African Americans. Not surprisingly, for instance, Blacks do not touch Whites in the majority of television ads, but as opposed to Whites, they rarely even touch each other, expressing a slight message assuming that Black skin would be taboo. A ranking of racial preference is implanted within the casting of commercials. Network news also tends to place a â€Å"ghetto† label or more urban image on African Americans. Increasingly, African Americans appear mostly in crime, sports and entertainment stories. Rarely are Blacks shown making an important contribution to the serious business of the nation. The exception of blacks rarely being shown in a positive fashion contributing to the nation would be President Obama, which will hopefully turn the stage for this image stereotype. Unfortunately however, that negative image is not the only blunt indication of a media stereotype. It is noticed by a lot of different people that African American athletes tend to receive a bad representation by the media, pointing out that when they get into any level of trouble, it is reported significantly more and also perceived in a much different way than when White athletes behave in the same manner or worse. It also is sometimes apparent that sportscasters tend to point out solely the athletic abilities of African American athletes in contrast to their tendency to point out the intelligence and savvy of White athletes. It is a known stereotype for quarterbacks on football teams for example, people perceive this position to demand a much more mental capacity and take a much more conscious effort as opposed to other positions on the team. Therefore the stereotype has often been viewed as teams primarily consisting of white quarterbacks. This tends to lead people to believe that black athletes achieve greatness by some coincidence or by simply their natural physical makeup instead of just assuming they are talented and hard working. There are several more examples of media bias against African Americans and there are far too many to speak on individually. Ultimately the point that is trying to be made is that there is a high level of publicity and strong case for media bias against African Americans. Any actor or famous person for that matter will almost always tell you that no publicity means bad publicity. It is logical then, to see the media (whether its biased or not) as a great tool for providing a voice to the African American community. It is also logical to say that a more biased media representation gives African Americans more publicity as Americans simply love bad press because â€Å"dirt† on other people sells, and the media has never cared about ones feelings if it means for them to make money. Ultimately, where I see this issue going from here has everything to do with President Obama. With the world-wide publicity he received for his changing of history for our country, I really feel this will open up many doors into the media for African Americans to have their voice, and create and defend a sense of identity that is much more positive than any other that has been labeled upon them. Obama is the best thing that has happened to African American media and just them as humans because he is what America needs to not only fix the economic and other issues in this country but most importantly bring the people of different colors together even closer than ever before to becoming one country where everyone is separate in color, but equal in representation and voice. Works Cited Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. Chicago: A. C. McClurg Co. ; [Cambridge]:University Press John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, U. S. A. , 1903; Bartleby. com,1999. P. 68. Entman, R. M. and Andrew R.. (2000). The Black Image in the White Mind: Media andRace in America. University of Chicago Press. Frierson, M. (2004) Black, black, or African American? Feedback Poynter OnlineRetrieved May 10, 2009 from http://www. poynter. org/article_feedback/article_feedback_list. asp? id=51320 Fudjud, D. (2003) Black, black, or African American? Feedback Poynter OnlineRetrieved May 11, 2009 fromhttp://www. poynter. org/article_feedback/article_feedback_list. asp? id=51320 Jones, J. (1991). The Politics of Personality: Being Black in America. In ReginaldJones (ed. ) Black Psychology 3rd Edition, 305-318. Locke, A. (1925) Enter the New Negro. A hypermedia edition of the March 1925 SurveyGraphic Harlem Number Retrieved May 12, 2009 fromhttp://etext. lib. virginia. edu/harlem/LocEnteF. html Muwakkil, S. (1999). Corporate Media, Alternative Press, and African Americans Media Alliance, Retrieved May 11, 2009 fromhttp://mediaalliance2. live. radicaldesigns. org/article. php? id=535 PBS. (2002) African American World Timeline. Retrieved May 11, 2009 fromhttp://www. pbs. org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/early_01. html U. S. Census Bureau (2001) Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin. Census 2000Website Retrieved May 11, 2009 from http://factfinder. census. gov/servlet/ThematicMapFramesetServlet? _bm=y-geo_id=01000US-tm_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_M00628-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_-_MapEvent=displayBy-_dBy=040. Woods, K. M. (1995) An Essay on a Wickedly Powerful Word Poynter Online RetrievedMay 11, 2009 from http://www. poynter. org/content/content_view. asp? id=5603.

September 11: War Against Terrorism is Necessary Essay -- September 11

September 11: War Against Terrorism is Necessary      Ã‚   On the fateful morning of September 11, 2001, few of us knew that the history of America, let alone our individual lives, was dramatically and permanently changing. As the day progressed, Americans, one by one, were dumbfounded at the events that had occurred.   This is by no means the first terrorist attack in the history of the world.   Nor will it be the last.   Many cultures over time have been greatly wounded and even overcome by these fiendish terrorist attacks.   Thankfully, the United States' history has not been heavily tarnished by these assaults - until now.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since the days of the attack, many national and world leaders have come together to declare war on terrorism.   A valiant effort has been made in order to defeat these evils.   An immediate counter-response has been called for, and necessarily so.   On September 20, 2001, in a joint session of Congress, President George W. Bush spoke of a new war when he said, "Our war on terror begins with al-Qaida [the terrorist group founded in Afghanistan by Usama Bin Ladin in the late 1980s], but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated" (Bush Announces Start of a "War on Terror").   He expounded further, explaining that "...the only way to defeat terrorism as a threat to our way of life is to stop it, eliminate it, and destroy it where it grows" (Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People).   Our way of life would most assuredly be preserved, were it only possible to realize these noble ideals of eliminating terrorism.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the war against terrorism, it is, unfortunately, nearly impossible to beco... ...oes the occurrence of retaliatory behaviors.   The war against terrorism is a needed effort, however it is a war whose end is not yet in sight. Works Cited: Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People. September 20, 2001. White House: President George W. Bush. 25 September 2001 <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html> Bush Announces Start of a "War on Terror". 20 September 2001. U.S. Department of State's Office of International Information Programs. 24 September 2001 <http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/terror/01092051.htm> Punishment and aggression. Selva, Michel. 27 February 1998. NESBAT. 02 October 2001   <http://www.tiac.net/users/suzon/sloane.html> Sidman, Murray. "Coercion and Its Fallout." Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies. 24 September 2001. http://www.behavior.org/>.

Repetition and Parallelism

There's of Leslies Critical Analysis on Smog Merchants Pollution has been one of the big problems of our world. This has pushed many people who are concern enough to create programs that will help reduce the problem and this Smog Merchants article is technically, one of those. But I don't think marketing the right to pollute will help In any way. It Is more like allowing destruction to come to the environment. In this article, it was implied that firms that are able to reduce pollutants below the levels to which it is entitled receives credits, and they an sell these credits to other firms.The thing is that. First. Why will you sell pollution rights when the name itself states that you're giving someone the capability to pollute noted that the problem you are solving Is pollution itself. Second, a company who cannot reach the goal tends to buy these credits rather than improving their facility and emissions reductions because it is way cheaper. So how can this help when the only thin g it can visibly do is to create firms that are dependent to the credits of other firms that are successful in cutting pollutants in the lowest cost.It has been said that the environment is a free resource, and air Is no doubt a part of it. In number two question, it is being asked â€Å"who implicitly has property rights to the air when the EPA auctions ASS permits† My answer to this would be: everyone, and no. I did not depend on who gets the revenue raised by the auction. Everyone has his right to consume air or use air or whatever you would like to do with air. It is part of the environment and thus, a free resource. The EPA auctions or the allowances aim to reduce the emissions of sulfur dioxide.And firms are allowed to buy and sell these allowances to other firms when left unused. I believe that this doesn't affect the people's rights to the air. The environment is a priceless resource. Since then, people have been witnesses of the priceless generosity of the environmen t. We have been able to survive till this year and generation because of the environment. Why? Well this is where we get our resources starting from foods to clothes to shelters. Only did the presence of companies made us pay for this priceless resource.For me, we do need to give up everything to protect the environment if and only if it is necessary and if it follows a certain action plan. I mean, we cannot Just give up anything unless we're sure It will be for a good cost. People need the environment so much most especially for the continuous production of food. Nowadays, we are strongly aware that the rate of population has Increased and Is still increasing. Without the environment, it would be hard for the people to preserve the remaining resources, to sustain lives, and to continue successful generations.This also Justifies why the environmental quality has an infinite value. In number four question: Don't such regulations amount to Glenn away environmental quality at no charge ? Yes. Basically because allowing firms and individuals to pollute the environment is the same as giving away environmental quality. To Justify this, let me give an example. Let say you have a piece of candy and it is your favorite. You never let anyone touch it because it might get germs or t Off amount of money. You wanted to keep it clean, but letting your friends have it for a taste ruined it.My point is that, if the regulations will allow firms to pollute up to that point at no charge, it would add up in destroying the environment and its quality at no charge as well. To solve this, I think it would be better to charge a price via emissions taxes. At least this can reduce firms or individuals who try to emit pollutants at a very high rate if get monitored well. If this practice continues from this generation to the next, it would probably reduce the amount of pollution since pollutants will be less emitted and polluters will gradually increase their emissions reductions.

Dj Party

Report on DJ culture impact on IUB students Figure 1 : Likeness of the DJ party-10 Figure 2 : Popularity of Dj Party-10 Figure 3 : Perception about Dj party-11 Figure 4 : How often people goes to Dj party-12 Figure 5 : Is it good for IUB students-13 Figure 6 : Effects of Dj Party-13 Figure 7 : About banning Dj Party-14 Figure 8 : Bring dirtiness in our society-15 Abstract The aims and objectives of this report is to identify, describe and produce an analysis on necessity of Dj party impact on IUB students means is it affecting the IUB students in proper way or creating a disaster? This will provide a common understanding about Dj party; find out how IUB students react to it and whether it is good or bad for our IUB environment and the society. Our main purpose of this report is to let you know are the DJ parties in Bangladesh influencing the IUB students in a discipline or a disaster. First of all we will let you know about the DJ party in Bangladesh by giving you thorough information about the DJs and the DJ parties in Bangladesh including the DJ parties organized in IUB. Then we will give descriptive information about the DJ parties held in Bangladesh and which DJ parties’ students prefer to attend. Later we will discuss about the methodology where in this segment, we will discuss on the procedure of collecting information for the project. The whole data collection process has been divided in to two sections, primary and secondary section. Later we will deliver the findings of our report where we have done a survey of 50 IUB students and through which we got a better idea of the student’s opinion. In this finding we ask the students some questions that are related to the impact of the DJ parties. At first we ask the likeness of the DJ parties following this question we have asked how often the students go to DJ parties. Then through questionnaires we get the information about the effect of DJ parties on our IUB students. Following that we get the information whether DJ parties should be banned from our society. Later we get the information are DJ parties bringing dirtiness in our society and the environment of IUB. Through the questionnaires we get detail information about the report through which we can get a descriptive findings. Finally we finish the report with a informative conclusion. Later including a recommendation through where we get the information. Table of Contents |Sl. No. Description |Page | |1 |Introduction |7 | |2 |Methodology |8 | |3 |Findings |10 | |4 |Conclusion |16 | |5 |Recommendations |17 | |6 |Appendix |19 | Introduction Dj party is a very new tradition in Bangladesh. It’s a new way entertainment in Bangladesh. Even about 5 year ago there are very few people were conscious about Dj party. Gradually the situation of Bangladesh regarding Dj party has been changed. Now days, most of the people of Bangladesh are now aware about Dj party, gradually Dj party has become a common form/way of entertainment. Now a day Dj party is occurring every where in Bangladesh like corporate organization, university function, 5 star hotels, theme park like Nandon, Fantasy kingdom, Foyez lake etc. There are lots of new Dj’s are coming out day by day in Bangladesh from the new generation. They are highly talented and they have the music knowledge as well. The party or club DJ is a place where lots of people gathered and enjoying the Dj’s music by dancing. Dj party is always very crowded and noisy. Here, the DJ must be the life of the party, the MC, the shining star that makes the event. This type of a DeeJaying is not for the timid or shy. This may sound like the hardest, but relating to a live audience with instant feedback is actually the easiest. Methodology In this segment, we will discuss on the procedure of collecting information for the project. The whole data collection process has been divided in to two sections, primary and secondary section. Primary section In this section the data has been collected through a survey on more than 50 individuals on 8th and 15h April 2010. The questionnaire is based on two types of method – †¢ Qualitative †¢ Quantitative This data was obtained through a questionnaire concerning the following issues: ? DJ party and its effects on IUB students’ personal life ? DJ party and its effects on IUB students’ social life ? DJ party and its effects on corporate life Finally the conclusive evaluation on DJ party impact on IUB. The data was collected from a diverse group of students, staffs and professionals from Independent University, Bangladesh. Secondary Section In this section the data has been collected through different Print, Electronic and Online media given below: Print media: ? The Daily Star ? The Daily Prothom Alo ? The Daily New Age ? The Daily Amar Desh Electronic media: ? RTV ? Bangla vision ? BBC World ? CNN ? Sky News On-line media: ? Google. com ? Facebook ? Wikipedia ? CNN Online ? Prothom Alo online Edition These data were used to build up the base of the report as well as giving the report its current form. Findings: We have done a survey with 50 IUB students randomly within IUB to find out about necessity of Dj party and the things they like about Dj party, the things do not like about Dj party and impacts of Dj party on our society etc. We have done our survey on university students because Dj is the most popular among universities and high school students that means the young generation. From the survey, we have found the following information about Dj party, we also analyze the information: Likeness of the DJ party This section represents the popularity of DJ party in Bangladesh and the IUB students. It also evaluates the current situation of DJ party especially the IUB students of Bangladesh. We also divide the male and female regarding the likings of DJ party. Figure:1 Figure: 2 Figure : 3 [pic] We have done our survey on IUB students because Dj party is very much popular in IUB. Figure: 1 show that about 70% students like Dj party and 20% students have given negative opinion about Dj party and the remaining people are neutral about Dj party. They don’t like Dj party for several reasons like: †¢ It is still a new form of entertainment in our country. †¢ Lack of discipline in Dj party. †¢ Highly expensive ticket. Figure: 2 Show that likeliness of Dj party between male and female students. According to the survey, we have found 100 students from that 70% of male and 30% female students like Dj party. The percentage of female students regarding Dj party is lower because of following reasons: †¢ Restriction from religion †¢ Restriction from family †¢ Middle class girls are generally conservative Figure: 3 show the perception about Dj party among the IUB students. According to the figure 3 we can see 20% of student says awesome, 50% says good and 30% of students says dirty about Dj party. How often people goes to Dj party Dj party still not so popular yet in Bangladesh. Few years ago some people even do not know about Dj party. But now days, people has started to go DJ parties. Figure : 4 [pic] Figure: 4 say that 45% of student goes to Dj party once in month, 35% of student do not go to Dj party. 5% of students go to Dj party once in a week. Students want to spend more time with their friends with some sort of entertainment like music, drama, dancing, and singing. More over now days, couples want to go spend some personal time with entertainment and Dj party suited th em very much because there is crowd lots of space, darkness etc. Effect on IUB students IUB students can be divided into some classes as like: †¢ Upper class †¢ Upper middle class †¢ Middle class Figure : 5 Figure : 6 Figure 5 shows 80% people are disagree with the term that Dj party is good for our IUB students and 20% people agree with this term. We will find the reason in figure: 6. it shows that from Dj lover 65% are from upper middle class 25% and 10% are from middle class as because middle class people are higher in IUB and they are not so interested about Dj party we get the higher proportion of disagreeing that Dj party is go for IUB students. Should Dj party be banned in our country? Dj party is a place where people gather and enjoying the Dj music by dancing Dj party is always very crowed and noisy. As Bangladesh is a Muslim oriented country and there are many religion restrictions about dance and music that’s why we get different opinion about banning Dj party. Figure : 7 [pic] Figure: 7 show that 40% students are in favor of Dj party. They don’t want to stop Dj party because they think it’s a social meeting and new form of entertainment. People can enjoy the time with any bounds 35% students in natural position, they left these issues to the government because this is a complicated issue and lots of people do like Dj party. So they don’t want to give personal opinion about this issue. 25% students think Dj party should be banned from the society. Because they thought it brings dirtiness, no discipline and spoils our young generation and waste of money. It doesn’t match to our culture. Bring dirtiness in our society Our culture is very much conservative. People are devotional and religious. They don’t prefer environment where male and female gather together and dancing together. Figure 8 [pic] According to the survey, figure: 8 shows 75% of student thinks that Dj party brings dirtiness in our cutlers because it gives birth of vulgarity in our society. There are no dress codes for girl as a result girl wears such kind of dresses which makes the boys crazy. Moreover, the entertainment is very much suitable for all kind of provocative activities. About 15% of students are not sure about this issue because they know that it brings dirtiness. But still they like it. They think dirtiness is one kind of enjoyment. About 10% of the student says no about this issue. That means they think Dj party is not bring any kind of dirtiness. The reason behind this is they like this kind of modern culture and they are quite familiar about that culture. They don’t consider it as dirtiness because they are living with this kind of situation. They don’t consider it so dirtiness because they are living with this kind of situation. Conclusion Dj party is a good way of new entertainment in Bangladesh. The popularity of Dj party is known worldwide and people are aware of what Dj party is and what it does. From our survey we saw that its popularity is getting higher day by day. We made our survey of 50 students in IUB and we found most of the people like Dj party. But they all were worried about the impact of Dj party in our own culture. They suggest that if Dj party can deals with our own songs, then it will be much more accepted. In our survey, we saw that even though, most of the people like it but some of them said they do not like Dj party that much because they are very aware of our culture. They think Dj parties are hampering our culture very badly and giving birth of dirtiness in our society. Many people go to the Dj party very frequently; they spend their time keeping in touch with their friends by entertainment. They like spending the time with singing, dancing etc. Our country haven’t have many way of entertaining. So, people find it very enjoyable way of entertainment. But they don’t know that in the name of entertainment they are actually forgetting our own culture day by day as our cultural assets are not shown in these parties. For the reason of going very frequently in Dj parties they are becoming undisciplined in their practical life as there are no disciple in Dj parties. So, to conclude we can say that Dj party is very recent object in our country. We have very strong disciplined culture of our own. We have vast amount of musical assets as well. If Dj parties can remove the dirtiness, maintain the discipline and keep our culture live in the party, then it will be the one of the best ways of entertainment for everybody in our country. Recommendations: The following recommendations are made to improve the Dj parties ? Make some discipline at Dj parties. ? Should have some dress code. ? Smoking and drinking should be banned from Dj party. ? There should be age limit for the students. ? Dirtiness should be removed. We should keep our social norms and ethics. ? Dj can use our cultural songs so that our culture can be represent in a new way. ? Make a monitoring board for controlling Dj parties. References: References ? www. Google. om (last visited 16h April) ? CNN online. com (last visited 16h April) ? Sky News online edition (last visited 16h April) ? Prothom Alo Online edition (last visited 16h April) ? BBC online. com (last visited 16h April) ? The Daily Star online edition (last visited 16h April) ? elc. polyu. edu. hk/C iLL/reports. tm (last visited 16h April) ? ic. arizona. edu/~profcomm/writing/samples/report (last visited 16h April) Appendix: Sample questionnaire: [pic] Independent University Bangladesh (IUB) Survey on Do you want Dj parties more in IUB? Name: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Sex: M/F Age: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Education: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Occupation :†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Marital status: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Locality:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Please give a tick on the right option |Do you like DJ party? |Do you like to spend more time with your friends in Dj | | |parties? | | | |Yes |Yes | |No |No | | | | | | | |Do you love to listen Dj war? |How many times do you go to a Dj party in your life so | | |far? Age 18 – 24) | |Yes | | |No |0 – 5 | |Sometimes |5 – 10 | | |10 – 15 | | |More | |How frequently do yo u go to Dj parties? |Dj party is: | |Once in a week | | |Twice in week |Awesome | |Once in a month |Very good | |I don’t go to Dj parties Good | | |Dirty | |Dj party is good for IUB students? |Dj party should be banned in our country. | | |Off course NOT | |Agree |Should be banned | |Disagree |It’s up to govt. | |May be | | |Dj parties bring dirtiness in our culture. |What do you want in a Dj party? | |Classified DJ mix | |Yes |No dirtiness | |No |Classical music | |May be |Wide open venue | |Who cares | | Question 11 to 14 estimates the stage of your preference regarding the Dj parties. |5= Strongly Agree 4= Agree 3=Strongly Disagree 2= Disagree 1= Neutral |5 |4 |3 |2 |1 | |11. |DJ parties are necessary for the entertainment? | | | | | | |12. |Dj parties are the only way of entertainment? | | | | | | |13. |Do you think Dj parties are really essential for the corporate parties? | | | | | | |14 |Now a days Dj parties are giving birth of vulgarity/filthiness in our society. | | | | | | |Your opinion about Dj party in IUB: | ———————– [pic] [pic] [pic]

Free Essays on Brown V Board Of Education

Racial segregation in southern public schools dates to the 1860’s before, and after the American Civil War. More than 95 percent of blacks lived in the southern states throughout the 19th century. So segregation affected the majority of the black population. In the influential case of Plessy v. Ferguson (1876) the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the practice of segregation as long as the separate facilities were â€Å"equal†. By 1900, the south was completely segregated. In 1909 the National Association for the Advancement of Color People or the NAACP was formed. The organization’s sole purpose was to fight for racial equality and to end segregation. From 1939 to 1950 the organization won various cases leading to the integrations universities in Mississippi, Maryland, Oklahoma, and Texas. The NAACP also had some success in forcing states to equalize public school funding, and to pay black teachers the same rate as white teachers. The Legal Background Brown v. Board of Education developed from a series of court cases involving school segregation. For an example, Briggs v. Elliott (1950), this case took place in Clarendon County, South Carolina. In the 1949-1950 school year the average annual funds per white students in Clarendon County totaled $179, but for black students it was only $43. The 6,531 black students attended school in 61 buildings. Many of the black schools lacked indoor plumbing and heating. These buildings were valued at $194,575. However the county’s 2,375 white students in the county attended school in 12 buildings worth $673,850. These building were the top of the line facilities. Teachers in these black schools were paid one third less than white teachers. And on top of that the county only provided free buses for whites, and not for black students. These conditions made blacks in Clarendon County to sue to create equal schools. In 1950 the United State district court in South Carolina ordered equal fun ding of... Free Essays on Brown V Board Of Education Free Essays on Brown V Board Of Education Racial segregation in southern public schools dates to the 1860’s before, and after the American Civil War. More than 95 percent of blacks lived in the southern states throughout the 19th century. So segregation affected the majority of the black population. In the influential case of Plessy v. Ferguson (1876) the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the practice of segregation as long as the separate facilities were â€Å"equal†. By 1900, the south was completely segregated. In 1909 the National Association for the Advancement of Color People or the NAACP was formed. The organization’s sole purpose was to fight for racial equality and to end segregation. From 1939 to 1950 the organization won various cases leading to the integrations universities in Mississippi, Maryland, Oklahoma, and Texas. The NAACP also had some success in forcing states to equalize public school funding, and to pay black teachers the same rate as white teachers. The Legal Background Brown v. Board of Education developed from a series of court cases involving school segregation. For an example, Briggs v. Elliott (1950), this case took place in Clarendon County, South Carolina. In the 1949-1950 school year the average annual funds per white students in Clarendon County totaled $179, but for black students it was only $43. The 6,531 black students attended school in 61 buildings. Many of the black schools lacked indoor plumbing and heating. These buildings were valued at $194,575. However the county’s 2,375 white students in the county attended school in 12 buildings worth $673,850. These building were the top of the line facilities. Teachers in these black schools were paid one third less than white teachers. And on top of that the county only provided free buses for whites, and not for black students. These conditions made blacks in Clarendon County to sue to create equal schools. In 1950 the United State district court in South Carolina ordered equal fun ding of...

Zachary Taylor - US President Facts

Zachary Taylor - US President Facts Zachary Taylor (1784 - 1850) served as Americas twelfth president. However, he died after only a little more than a year. This page provides a quick list of fast facts for Zachary Taylor. For more in depth information, you can also read the Zachary Taylor Biography  or the Top 10 Things to Know About Zachary Taylor.   Birth: November 24, 1784 Death: July 9, 1850 Term of Office: March 4, 1849-July 9, 1850 Number of Terms Elected: 1 Term; Zachary Taylor died after serving a   little more than a year in office. Doctors believe his death was caused by cholera morbus contracted from eating a bowl of cherries and drinking a pitcher of iced milk on a hot day. Interestingly, his body was exhumed on June 17, 1991. There was a belief by historians that he might have been poisoned due to his stance against allowing slavery to extend to the western states. However, the researchers were able to show that he had not, in fact, been poisoned. He was later reburied in his Louisville, Kentucky mausoleum.   First Lady: Margaret Peggy Mackall Smith Nickname: Old Rough and Ready Zachary Taylor Quote: It would be judicious to act with magnanimity towards a prostrate foe.Additional Zachary Taylor Quotes Major Events While in Office: Zachary Taylor was renowned in the United States before becoming president as a war hero. He had fought in the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and the Mexican-American War. In 1848, he was nominated by the Whig Party as their presidential candidate even though he was not present at the convention and had not put his name forward to run. Ironically, he was informed by letter of the nomination. However, he would not pay the postage due and did not actually find out he was the nominee until weeks later.   During his short time as president, the key event occurred was the passage of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty between the United States and Great Britain.The treaty dealt with the status of colonization and canals in the countries of Central America. Both countries agreed that from that date on, all canals would indeed be neutral. In addition, both countries stated that they would not colonize any part of Central America.   Related Zachary Taylor Resources: These additional resources on Zachary Taylor can provide you with further information about the president and his times. Zachary Taylor BiographyThis article takes a more in depth look at the twelfth president of the United States including his time as a war hero. You will also learn about his childhood, family, early career, and the major events of his administration. Chart of Presidents and Vice PresidentsThis informative chart gives quick reference information on the presidents, vice-presidents, their terms of office, and their political parties. Other Presidential Fast Facts: James K PolkMillard FillmoreList of American Presidents

Desktop Publishing (DTP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Desktop Publishing (DTP) - Essay Example In practical use, much of the ‘graphic design’ process is also accomplished using desktop publishing and graphics software and is sometimes included in the definition of desktop publishing.† (Bear 2008) For the task of designing a newsletter to welcome students to the university, my foremost objective was to grab the attention of a new student who can be one of thousands on campus. Firstly, I have chosen a nameplate which clearly identifies the university and lends credibility to the publication and appended to it the â€Å"Welcome New Students† banner which also clearly identifies the publication as meant for new students. Red is the colour of choice for this banner deliberately so that it stands out from the rest of the page which are of more muted colours. In designing the nameplate, the right title must be chosen with important words isolated, the right type font used and size and position are carefully selected. (Gibbs 2002) The headline article affirms the new student’s decision of enrolling at the university and article content is the proud and warm welcome of the vice-chancellor. Although the article title is very noticeable, it is not expected that the reader will immediately proceed to read the lengthy article. Deliberately, a collage of interesting university photos have been used as visual for the article. Next, the resources at the university which should be quite important to new students is the next item in the eye path, so a stack of these facilities are immediately below the photos. The right hand column ends with the contact box which is another piece of important information for new students. The Choices at NTU list is designed as teaser items with graphic icons that depict what the resource is all about. Aside from drawing attention to each item on the list, the icon along with the type font used creates a visual element. â€Å"Nothing turns off a reader more

International Context of HRM Practice and Consultancy Essay

International Context of HRM Practice and Consultancy - Essay Example 12 References 13 Work Councils – Functions and Difference from Trade Unions Globalization has triggered sea changes not only in the transnational commerce but multinational companies are also deluged with issues concerning labor relations in a cross cultural and multi-economic scenario. The earlier concept of negotiating with a central trade union and implementing the issues agreed upon in workplace is no longer a sufficient guarantee of smooth labor relations. Multinational enterprises now need to negotiate at multiple levels with trade unions of several countries to achieve harmonious labor relations. This surely is a humongous task what with dealing in unionized labor of different cultural and economic contexts (Prahalad and Doz 1987). Such situations surely result in loss of managerial flexibility as conditions agreed upon in one country might not be acceptable in another country. Further, the terms and conditions of appointment and associated remunerations and perquisites also vary from country to country thus causing unwelcome variances in managing human resources. The basic problem of transnational human resource management can be categorized as (Poole 1986): The level of technological attainment and unionization of labor in a particular country The nature and extent of governmental intervention in labor management The number and political polarization of trade unions Impact, if any, of religious organizations on trade unions Strategies adopted by management These factors have resulted in the growth and proliferation of various types of trade unions which could be either generalized trade unions that represented all categories of employees, or, craft unions that represented employees having specific skill sets and are employed in different industries, or, a conglomerate of unions spread across different countries. Such diversity, quite obviously, present a rather daunting scenario for executives entrusted with the responsibility of collective barg aining with employees and also raises the prospect of multiple agreements within a single corporate entity. One option open to multinational corporations to find some semblance of order in this otherwise chaotic and indeterminate scenario is to set up work councils. These are micro level labor representatives who are elected by workers of a specific factory for a period of four years. The most vibrant forms of such work councils are observed in Germany where once nation-wide agreements with recognized trade unions are completed by representatives of a particular industry, each individual member firm of that particular industry undertake negotiations with their respective work councils on the details of how such an agreement has to be implemented in a particular work place. As members of work councils need not be members of recognized trade unions, these councils can be formed even in those industries where there is no existence of a nationally recognized trade union. This surely inv ests in such councils a large degree of flexibility and freedom from dogma or political influence associated with conventional trade unions. This also provides an opportunity for both management and workers to strike out an agreement that factors in micro specifics and thus is beneficial to both the workers and that particular firm. The other benefit of having work councils is that the levels of interaction and the channels of communication between management and wo